Equivalent Frame Method

Assumptions 

The bending moments and shear forces may be determined by an analysis of the structure as a continuous frame and the following assumptions may be made: 

a) The structure shall be considered to be made up of equivalent frames on column lines taken longitudinally and transversely through the building. Each frame consists of a row of equivalent columns or supports, bounded laterally by the centre-line of the panel on each side of the centre-line of the columns or supports. Framesadjacent'and parallel to an edge shall be bounded by the edge and the centre line of the adjacent panel.

b) Each such frame may be analyzed in its entirety, or, for vertical loading, each floor thereof and the roof may be analyzed separately with its columns being assumed fixed at their remote ends. Where slabs are thus analyzed separately, it may be assumed in determining the bending moment at a given support thattheslabisfixed at any support two panels distant therefrom provided the slap continues beyond the point. 

c) Forthe purpose of determining relative stiffness of members. the moment of inertia of any slab or column may be assumed to be that of the gross cross-section of the concrete alone. 

d) Variations of moment of inertia along the axis of the slab on account of provision of drops shall be taken into account. In the case of recessed or coffered slab which is made solid in the region of thecolumns. the stiffening effect may be ignored provided the solid part of the slab does not extend more than 0.15'eI' into the span measured from the centre-line of the columns. The Stiffening effect of flared column heads may be ignored.

Ornamental Species

The first and subsequent rows of plantations along the highway, except the last row, should be worked out based on the land availability within the ROW along the various sections. In case of urban and semi-urban areas, where because of land constraints, only one row of plantation possible, ornamental species should be planted instead of shade bearing species. A combination of ornamental, shade and screening trees have been recommended. The number of rows and the repetition of the trees and their type vary with the landscape section, the typical cross-section and the space available in the ROW for tree plantation.

List a few species, which can generally be planted throughout India for this purpose.

Objectives of Tree Plantations

The main objectives of planting along the Highways are as follows:

• To provide for aesthetic enhancement of the project corridors.

• To reduce the impacts of air pollution and dust, as trees and shrubs are known to be natural sink for air pollutants.

• To provide much needed shade on glaring hot roads during summer.

• To reduce the impact of ever increasing noise pollution caused due to increase in number of vehicles.

• To arrest soil erosion at the embankment slopes.

• Prevention of glare from the headlight of incoming vehicles.

• Climatic amelioration.

• Moderating the effect of wind and incoming radiation.

• To define the ROW especially, to highlight sharp horizontal curves during night.

Acquisition of Additional Land

Based on the inventory, an action program should be prepared as regards additional landscaping measures and traveler amenities. If available land width is insufficient to implement this program, acquisition of additional land should be seriously considered keeping in view the following requirements:

i) To provide flatter side slopes in cuts and fills along with contouring of the adjacent land.

ii) To provide enough space for planting suitable trees and plants.

iii) To provide sufficient area for parking, look out spots and other aesthetic features.