Equivalent Frame Method

Assumptions 

The bending moments and shear forces may be determined by an analysis of the structure as a continuous frame and the following assumptions may be made: 

a) The structure shall be considered to be made up of equivalent frames on column lines taken longitudinally and transversely through the building. Each frame consists of a row of equivalent columns or supports, bounded laterally by the centre-line of the panel on each side of the centre-line of the columns or supports. Framesadjacent'and parallel to an edge shall be bounded by the edge and the centre line of the adjacent panel.

b) Each such frame may be analyzed in its entirety, or, for vertical loading, each floor thereof and the roof may be analyzed separately with its columns being assumed fixed at their remote ends. Where slabs are thus analyzed separately, it may be assumed in determining the bending moment at a given support thattheslabisfixed at any support two panels distant therefrom provided the slap continues beyond the point. 

c) Forthe purpose of determining relative stiffness of members. the moment of inertia of any slab or column may be assumed to be that of the gross cross-section of the concrete alone. 

d) Variations of moment of inertia along the axis of the slab on account of provision of drops shall be taken into account. In the case of recessed or coffered slab which is made solid in the region of thecolumns. the stiffening effect may be ignored provided the solid part of the slab does not extend more than 0.15'eI' into the span measured from the centre-line of the columns. The Stiffening effect of flared column heads may be ignored.

Ornamental Species

The first and subsequent rows of plantations along the highway, except the last row, should be worked out based on the land availability within the ROW along the various sections. In case of urban and semi-urban areas, where because of land constraints, only one row of plantation possible, ornamental species should be planted instead of shade bearing species. A combination of ornamental, shade and screening trees have been recommended. The number of rows and the repetition of the trees and their type vary with the landscape section, the typical cross-section and the space available in the ROW for tree plantation.

List a few species, which can generally be planted throughout India for this purpose.

Objectives of Tree Plantations

The main objectives of planting along the Highways are as follows:

• To provide for aesthetic enhancement of the project corridors.

• To reduce the impacts of air pollution and dust, as trees and shrubs are known to be natural sink for air pollutants.

• To provide much needed shade on glaring hot roads during summer.

• To reduce the impact of ever increasing noise pollution caused due to increase in number of vehicles.

• To arrest soil erosion at the embankment slopes.

• Prevention of glare from the headlight of incoming vehicles.

• Climatic amelioration.

• Moderating the effect of wind and incoming radiation.

• To define the ROW especially, to highlight sharp horizontal curves during night.

Acquisition of Additional Land

Based on the inventory, an action program should be prepared as regards additional landscaping measures and traveler amenities. If available land width is insufficient to implement this program, acquisition of additional land should be seriously considered keeping in view the following requirements:

i) To provide flatter side slopes in cuts and fills along with contouring of the adjacent land.

ii) To provide enough space for planting suitable trees and plants.

iii) To provide sufficient area for parking, look out spots and other aesthetic features.

CLEAR COVER REQUIREMENT

Size of Room 

Habitable Room 

    Every dwelling unit to be provided should have at least two habitable rooms. Even if one room house is provided initially it should be capable of adding a new second room in future. However, in case single room tenements are required to be provided where future additions are not possible, the carpet area of multipurpose single room should be at least 12.5 m2. Such one room dwelling units with 12.5 m2 carpet area of habitable space is permitted only in case of on site rehabilitation of slum dwellers. In a house of two rooms, first room shall not be less than 9.0 m2 with minimum width of 2.5 m and second room shall not be less than 6.5 m2 with a minimum width of 2.1 m provided the total area of both the rooms is not less than 15.5 m2 . In incremental housing the bigger room shall always be the first room. 

    To facilitate incremental housing in case of flatted development or otherwise, habitable space at mezzanine level may be permitted. The minimum size of such a mezzanine floor should not be lesser than 6.5 m2 and such a floor should occupy not more than 50 percent of the room area of which it is a part. Such a mezzanine floor should have appropriate openings to facilitate light and ventilation as per 

    Minimum clear height below and above the mezzanine floor should be 2.4 m and 2.1 m respectively. As far as possible mezzanine floor should have direct ventilation from the external face of the building. Where this is not possible ventilation through main room may be allowed provided total area of openings in the main room is provided taking into consideration area of mezzanine floor. Such mezzanine floor may be accessible through the main room by a ladder, whose minimum angle with vertical plane should be 22½°. Height of the riser should be less than 250 mm. 

Water Closet/Bathroom 
1) The size of independent water-closet shall be 0.90 m2 with minimum width of 0.9 m; 
2) The size of independent bathroom shall be 1.20 m2 with a minimum width of 1.0 m; and 
3) The size of combined bathroom and watercloset shall be 1.80 m2 with minimum width of 1.0 m. 

Kitchen 

    The size of a cooking alcove serving as cooking space shall not be less than 2.4 m2 with a minimum width of 1.2 m. The size of individual kitchen provided in a two-roomed house shall not be less than 3.3 m2 with a minimum width of 1.5 m. 

Balcony 

    The minimum width of individual balcony, where provided, shall be 0.9 m and shall not be more than 1.2 m and it shall not project beyond the plot line and on roads or pathway.

Staircase/Exit Requirements 

The minimum clear width, minimum tread width and maximum riser of staircases for buildings shall be as given as follows:

Minimum width — The minimum width of staircase shall be as follows: 
a) Residential buildings (dwellings) 1.0 m 
NOTE — For row housing with 2 storeys, the minimum width shall be 0.75 m. 
b) Residential hotel buildings 1.5 m 
c) Assembly buildings like 2.0 m auditorium, theatres and cinemas 
d) Educational building 1.5 m 
e) Institutional buildings 2.0 m 
f) All other buildings 1.5 m

Minimum tread 

    The minimum width of tread without nosing shall be 250 mm for residential buildings. The minimum width of tread for other buildings shall be 300 mm. 

Maximum riser 

    The maximum height of riser shall be 190 mm for residential buildings and 150 mm for other buildings and these shall be limited to 12 per flight. 

**The minimum head-room in a passage under the landing of a staircase shall be 2.2 m. The minimum clear head-room in any staircase shall be 2.2 m. 

Bathrooms and Water-Closets 

Height 
        The height of a bathroom or water-closet measured from the surface of the floor to the lowest point in the ceiling (bottom of slab) shall not be less than 2.1 m. 

Size 
        The area of a bathroom shall not be less than 1.8 m2 with a minimum width of 1.2 m. The floor area of water-closet shall be 1.1 m2 with a minimum width of 0.9 m. If bath and water-closet are combined, its floor area shall not be less than 2.8 m2 with a minimum width of 1.2 m. 

Other Requirements Every bathroom or water-closet shall: 

a) be so situated that at least one of its walls shall open to external air; 
b) not be directly over or under any room other than another water-closet, washing place, bath or terrace, unless it has a water-tight floor; 
c) have the platform or seat made of water-tight non-absorbent material; 
d) be enclosed by walls or partitions and the surface of every such wall or partition shall be finished with a smooth impervious material to a height of not less than 1 m above the floor of such a room; 
e) be provided with an impervious floor covering, sloping towards the drain with a suitable grade and not towards VERANDAH or any other room; and 
f) have a window or ventilator, opening to a shaft or open space, of area not less than 0.3 m2 with side not less than 0.3 m. 

**No room containing water-closets shall be used for any purpose except as a lavatory and no such room shall open directly into any kitchen or cooking space by a door, window or other opening. Every room containing water-closet shall have a door completely closing the entrance to it.

Kitchen

Height

     The height of a kitchen measured from the surface of the floor to the lowest point in the ceiling (bottom slab) shall not be less than 2.75 m, except for the portion to accommodate floor trap of the upper floor.

Size

     The area of a kitchen where separate dining area is provided, shall be not less than 5.0 m2 with a minimum width of 1.8 m. Where there is a separate store, the area of the kitchen may be reduced to 4.5 m2. A kitchen, which is intended for use as a dining area also, shall have a floor area of not less than 7.5 m2 with a minimum width of 2.1 m.

Other Requirements
Every room to be used as kitchen shall have:

a) unless separately provided in a pantry, means for the washing of kitchen utensils which shall lead directly or through a sink to a grated and trapped connection to the waste pipe;

b) an impermeable floor;
c) a flue, if found necessary.

Habitable Rooms

Height

      The height of all rooms for human habitation shall not be less than 2.75 m measured from the surface of the floor to the lowest point of the ceiling (bottom of slab). In the case of pitched roof, the average height of rooms shall not be less than 2.75 m. The minimum clear head room under a beam, folded plates or eaves shall be 2.4 m. In the case of air-conditioned rooms, a height of not less than 2.4 m measured from the surface of the floor to the lowest point of air-conditioning duct or the false ceiling shall be provided. The above  requirements apply to residential, business and mercantile buildings. For educational and industrial buildings, the following minimum requirements apply:

a) Educational Buildings Ceiling height 3.6 m for all regions; in cold regions, 3 m
b) Industrial Buildings Ceiling height 3.6 m, except when air-conditioned, 3 m
(For Factory seperate rules therein shall govern such heights, where applicable, with their respective country codes).

Size

      The area of habitable room shall not be less than 9.5 m2, where there is only one room with a minimum width of 2.4 m. Where there are two rooms, one of these shall not be less than 9.5 m2 and the other not less than 7.5 m2, with a minimum width of 2.1 m.

Socio-cultural facilities

                                                                                                                      Land Area Required, Min

1) Community room (1 for every 5 000 population)                                                          Area 750 m2

2) Community hall, mangal karyayala/kalyana mandapam/barat ghar/library
(1 for every 15 000 population)                                                                                        Area 2 000 m2

3) Recreational club (1 for every 100 000 population)                                                  Area 10 000 m2

4) Music, dance and drama centre (1 for every 100 000 population)                               Area 1 000 m2

5) Meditation and spiritual centre (1 for every 100 000 population)                                Area 5 000 m2

6) Socio-cultural centre (1 for every 1 000 000 population)                                                   Area 15 ha

DEVELOPMENT CONTROL RULES AND GENERAL BUILDING REQUIREMENTS

a) Pre-Primary to Secondary Education

1) Pre-primary, nursery school (1 for every 2 500 population)

i) Area per school                                                                                                                 0.08 ha

ii) Location of pre-primary/nursery school                                                                          Near a park

2) Primary school (class 1 to 5) (1 for every 5 000 population)

i) Strength of school —------------------------------------------------------------------------------500 students

ii) Area per school                                                                                                                 0.40 ha

a) School building area                                                                                                          0.20 ha

b) Play field area (with a minimum of 18 m × 36 m to be ensured for effective play)         0.20 ha

3) Senior secondary school (class 6 to 12) (1 for every 7 500 population)

i) Strength of the school —-------------------------------------------------------------------------1000students

ii) Area per school                                                                                                                1.80 ha

a) School building area                                                                                                        0.60 ha

b) Play field area (with a minimum of 68 m × 126 m to be ensured for effective play)     1.00 ha

c) Parking area                                                                                                                      0.20 ha

4) Integrated school without hostel facility (class 1 to 12) (1 for every 90 000 to 100 000

population)

i) Strength of the school—-------------------------------------------------------------------------1500students

ii) Area per school                                                                                                               3.50 ha

a) School building area                                                                                                        0.70 ha

b) Play field area                                                                                                                  2.50 ha

c) Parking                                                                                                                             0.30 ha

5) Integrated school with hostel facilities (class 1 to 12) (1 for every 90 000 to 100 000

population)

i) Strength of school —----------------------------------------------------------------------------1500students

ii) Area per school                                                                                                              3.90 ha

a) School building area                                                                                                       0.70 ha

b) Play field area                                                                                                                 2.50 ha

c) Residential (including hostel area)                                                                                 0.40 ha

d) Parking area                                                                                                                   0.30 ha

6) School for physically challenged (class 1 to 12) (1 for every 45 000 population)

i) Strength of school —----------------------------------------------------------------------------400 students

ii) Area per school                                                                                                             0.70 ha

a) School building area                                                                                                     0.20 ha

b) Play field area                                                                                                               0.30 ha

c) Parking area                                                                                                                   0.20 ha

Garage

Height

The height of a garage shall be not less than 2.4 m.

Size

The size of garages shall be as below:

a) Private Garage — 3.0 m × 6.0 m, minimum;

and

b) Public Garage — Based on the number of vehicles parked, etc

Construction Joint

          Although there is no technical limitation to the area that may be concreted, the usual pour area is up to 1 000 m2/day. Where the limits of the pour do not coincide with permanent slab edges, construction joints are used to define the extent of the pour. 

          The locations and details of the construction joints may have an effect on the cracking. The layout and details of the joints shall be determined by the structural designer. For example, when brittle bonded finishes are used, the relationship between the joints in the concrete and the joints in the finishes shall be considered at the outset, to reduce the risk of cracking in undesirable locations. 

          Where possible, the construction joints shall be located close to butt joints in the decking. Where shear connectors are used, it is preferable to create the joint to one side of the line of the shear connectors, to ensure sound concrete around the studs. If the construction joint cannot be made near a butt joint, it is suggested that no more than one-third of the decking span from a butt joint shall be left un-poured. Concreting shall not be stopped within a sheet length, because excessive deflections may occur when the loads on a continuous decking sheet are not balanced either side of the intermediate support beam. 

          Stop ends, usually in the form of timber or plastic inserts, are used to create the construction joints. As with all the joints and ends of the decking, they shall be checked for potential grout loss.

Type of Formwork                          Minimum Period
                                                          Before Striking
                                                              Formwork

a) Vertical formwork to
columns, walls, beams                           16-24 h

b) Soffit formwork to slabs
(Props to be refixed
immediately after removal
of formwork)                                         3 days

c) Soffit formwork to beams
(Props to be refixed
immediately after removal
of formwork)                                         7 days

d) Props to slabs:
1) Spanning up to 4.5 m                        7 days
2) Spanning over 4.5 m                         14 days

e) Props to beams and arches:
1) Spanning up to 6 m                           14 days
2) Spanning over 6 m                            21 days

Building Plan and Details

          The plan of the buildings and elevations and sections accompanying the notice shall be drawn to a scale of 1 : 100. The plans and details shall: 

a) Include floor plans of all floors together with the covered area clearly indicating the size and spacing of all framing members and sizes of rooms and the position of staircases, ramps and lift wells; 

b) Show the use or occupancy of all parts of the buildings; 

c) Show exact location of essential services, for example, WC, sink, bath and the like; 

d) Include at least one elevation from the front showing height of building and rooms and also the height of parapet; 

e) Include at least one section through the staircase; 

f) Include the structural arrangements with appropriate sections showing type/arrangement of footings, foundations, basement walls; structural load bearing walls, columns and beams, and shear walls; and arrangement/spacing of framing members, floor slabs and roof slabs with the material used for the same; 

g) Show all street elevations; 

h) Give dimensions of the projected portions beyond the permissible building line; 

j) Include terrace plan indicating the drainage and the slope of the roof; and 

k) Give indications of the north point relative to the plan.

NOTE — The requirement of 1 : 100 is permitted to be flexible for specific details needed for further
illustration; and also for drawings for these in electronic form.